Bone mineral density and growth changes in patients with distal renal tubular acidosis after two-years treatment with a new alkalizing drug (ADV7103) / Cambios en la densidad mineral ósea y en el crecimiento en pacientes con acidosis tubular renal distal tras dos años de tratamiento con un nuevo fármaco alcalinizante (ADV7103)

Background and objectives: ADV7103 is a new prolonged-release treatment for distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA), containing potassium citrate and potassium bicarbonate. Since acidosis may affect bone mineral contents, the effects of ADV7103 on bone mineral density (BMD) and growth in patients with dRTA over 24 months were evaluated. Patients and methods: Thirty patients (24 paediatric patients and 6 adults) were included in an open-label extension study after a phase II/III trial. BMD, measured by densitometry, was assessed at baseline and at 24 months. Growth was evaluated throughout the study. Plasma bicarbonate, parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxy vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D, bone alkaline phosphatase, calciuria and citraturia, were also determined. Safety and treatment compliance were evaluated as well. Results: After 24 months of treatment with ADV7103, mean spine BMD z-score values significantly increased as compared with baseline (p=0.024). In adults, spine and whole-body densitometry z-scores showed a significant correlation with plasma bicarbonate levels (rS=0.82 and rS=0.97, respectively, p<0.005). There was an increase>0.5 units in z-scores for height and weight in 18% and 36% of the paediatric patients, respectively. With treatment, plasma bicarbonate concentration and calciuria at the different visits were normal in 69–86% and 93–96% patients, respectively. Only nine treatment-related gastrointestinal AEs of mild/moderate severity, were reported in five patients. Conclusions: Two years of ADV7103 treatment improved growth and increased spine BMD. These results suggest that control of acidosis by ADV7103 treatment improves bone parameters. (AU)

Antecedentes y objetivo: El ADV7103 es un nuevo tratamiento de liberación prolongada para la acidosis tubular renal distal (ATRd), que contiene citrato potásico y bicarbonato potásico. Dado que la acidosis puede afectar al contenido mineral óseo, se ha evaluado el efecto de dicho medicamento a lo largo de 24 meses sobre la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) y el crecimiento en pacientes con ATRd. Pacientes y métodos: Se incluyeron treinta pacientes (24 pediátricos y seis adultos) en un estudio abierto de extensión tras un ensayo clínico de fase II/III. La DMO medida por densitometría se midió al inicio del estudio y los 24 meses. El crecimiento se evaluó a lo largo del estudio. Adicionalmente, se determinaron el bicarbonato plasmático, la parathormona, 25 hidroxivitamina D, 1,25 dihidroxivitamina D, fosfatasa alcalina ósea, calciuria y citraturia. La seguridad y el cumplimento terapéutico también fueron evaluados. Resultados: Tras 24 meses de tratamiento con ADV7103 la media del z-score de DMO de columna aumentó significativamente frente al valor basal (p = 0,024). En los adultos el z-score de la densitometría de columna y corporal total mostró una correlación significativa con los valores de bicarbonato plasmático (rS = 0,82 y rS = 0,97, respectivamente, p < 0,005). Se registró un incremento > 0,5 unidades de z-score para altura y peso en el 18 y 36%, respectivamente, de los pacientes pediátricos. Con el tratamiento, la concentración plasmática de bicarbonato y la calciuria fueron normales en las diferentes visitas en un 69-86% y un 93-96% de los pacientes, respectivamente. Solamente se notificaron nueve eventos adversos gastrointestinales relacionados con el tratamiento, todos de intensidad leve/moderada en cinco pacientes. Conclusiones: Dos años de tratamiento con ADV7103 mejoraron el crecimiento y la DMO de columna. Estos resultados sugieren que el control de la acidosis con dicho tratamiento provoca una mejora de parámetros óseos. (AU)

Acidosis metabólica tras cistectomía radical con derivación urinaria ileal. ¿Sabemos tanto como creemos? Revisión sistemática / Metabolic acidosis after ileal urinary diversion and radical cystectomy. Do we know as much as we believe? A systematic review

El contacto de la orina con la mucosa de la derivación urinaria (DU) tras la cistectomía radical (CR) produce diversos intercambios iónicos que promueven el desarrollo de la acidosis metabólica (AM). Esta alteración es una causa frecuente de reingresos y complicaciones a corto/largo plazo. Realizamos una revisión sistemática sobre la AM en CR con DU ileales, analizando su prevalencia, diagnóstico, factores de riesgo y tratamiento. Llevamos a cabo una revisión de la literatura de artículos publicados en Pubmed® y Cochrane Library antes de mayo de 2022 siguiendo las recomendaciones PRISMA. Se identificaron 421 artículos, de los cuales 25 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión sumando un total de 5.811 pacientes. Los estudios analizados demuestran mucha heterogeneidad en los criterios analíticos de diagnóstico y tratamiento utilizados, pudiendo sesgar los resultados de prevalencia. El desarrollo de la AM es multifactorial, siendo más frecuente su aparición durante el periodo postoperatorio temprano, especialmente en DU con segmentos ileales más largos, con mayor continencia urinaria y en pacientes con insuficiencia renal. La edad avanzada y la diabetes son factores de riesgo relacionados en periodos más tardíos. La AM es la causa más frecuente de segundos o más reingresos hospitalarios. La realización de profilaxis alcalinizante durante 3 meses en pacientes de riesgo podría mejorar estos resultados. Aunque la AM en DU ileales es una alteración conocida, esta revisión revela la necesidad de implementar criterios homogéneos de diagnóstico, monitorización y tratamiento, además de protocolizar estrategias de prevención/profilaxis en pacientes de riesgo (AU)

Urine contact with the mucosa of the urinary diversion (UD) after radical cystectomy (RC) produces different ion exchanges that favor the development of metabolic acidosis (MA). This phenomenon is a frequent cause of hospital readmission and short/long-term complications. We performed a systematic review of MA in RCs with ileal UD, analyzing its prevalence, diagnosis, risk factors and treatment. We systematically searched Pubmed® and Cochrane Library for original articles published before May 2022 according to PRISMA guidelines. A total of 421 articles were identified. We selected 25 studies that met the inclusion criteria involving 5811 patients. Obtaining precise data on the prevalence of MA is difficult, largely due to the heterogeneity of the diagnostic criteria used given the diversity of studies analyzed. Development of MA is multifactorial. In the early period, MA is more prevalent in patients with UD with longer ileal segments, better urinary continence, and impaired renal function. Age and diabetes are risk factors associated with MA in later periods. MA is the most common cause of second or more hospital readmissions. Prophylaxis with oral bicarbonate for three months in patients at risk could improve these results. Although MA after ileal UD is a well-known condition, this review highlights the need to implement homogeneous criteria for the diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment, in addition to protocolizing prevention/prophylaxis strategies in patients at risk (AU)

Metabolic acidosis after ileal urinary diversion and radical cystectomy. Do we know as much as we think we do? A systematic review.

Urine contact with the mucosa of the urinary diversion (UD) after radical cystectomy (RC) produces different ion exchanges that favor the development of metabolic acidosis (MA). This phenomenon is a frequent cause of hospital readmission and short/long-term complications. We performed a systematic review of MA in RCs with ileal UD, analyzing its prevalence, diagnosis, risk factors and treatment. We systematically searched Pubmed® and Cochrane Library for original articles published before May 2022 according to PRISMA guidelines. A total of 421 articles were identified. We selected 25 studies that met the inclusion criteria involving 5811 patients. Obtaining precise data on the prevalence of MA is difficult, largely due to the heterogeneity of the diagnostic criteria used given the diversity of studies analyzed. Development of MA is multifactorial. In the early period, MA is more prevalent in patients with UD with longer ileal segments, better urinary continence, and impaired renal function. Age and diabetes are risk factors associated with MA in later periods. MA is the most common cause of second or more hospital readmissions. Prophylaxis with oral bicarbonate for three months in patients at risk could improve these results. Although MA after ileal UD is a well-known condition, this review highlights the need to implement homogeneous criteria for the diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment, in addition to protocolizing prevention/prophylaxis strategies in patients at risk.

Bone mineral density and growth changes in patients with distal renal tubular acidosis after two-years treatment with a new alkalizing drug (ADV7103).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: ADV7103 is a new prolonged-release treatment for distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA), containing potassium citrate and potassium bicarbonate. Since acidosis may affect bone mineral contents, the effects of ADV7103 on bone mineral density (BMD) and growth in patients with dRTA over 24 months were evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty patients (24 paediatric patients and 6 adults) were included in an open-label extension study after a phase II/III trial. BMD, measured by densitometry, was assessed at baseline and at 24 months. Growth was evaluated throughout the study. Plasma bicarbonate, parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxy vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D, bone alkaline phosphatase, calciuria and citraturia, were also determined. Safety and treatment compliance were evaluated as well. RESULTS: After 24 months of treatment with ADV7103, mean spine BMD z-score values significantly increased as compared with baseline (p=0.024). In adults, spine and whole-body densitometry z-scores showed a significant correlation with plasma bicarbonate levels (rS=0.82 and rS=0.97, respectively, p<0.005). There was an increase>0.5 units in z-scores for height and weight in 18% and 36% of the paediatric patients, respectively. With treatment, plasma bicarbonate concentration and calciuria at the different visits were normal in 69-86% and 93-96% patients, respectively. Only nine treatment-related gastrointestinal AEs of mild/moderate severity, were reported in five patients. CONCLUSIONS: Two years of ADV7103 treatment improved growth and increased spine BMD. These results suggest that control of acidosis by ADV7103 treatment improves bone parameters.

El regulador de transmembrana de fibrosis quística (CFTR) disfuncional y sus efectos extrapulmonares / The dysfunction of transmembrane regulator in cystic fibrosis (CFTR) and its extrapulmonary effects

El daño del regulador de transmembrana de fibrosis quística (CFTR) puede causar una enfermedad grave fuera de los pulmones. El canal de cloruro (Cl-) ha sido el más estudiado, sin embargo, el bicarbonato (HCO3 -) tiene un rol muy importante en el comportamiento de las secreciones y la inflamación secundaria. El hecho de que CFTR funcione no sólo como un canal de Cl- sino también de HCO3- es un campo para la investigación y el desarrollo de fármacos para pacientes con daño genético o adquirido, este último frecuente en la población general. Algunos moduladores de CFTR pueden tener un beneficio terapéutico en el tratamiento de pancreatitis en ambas situaciones. La disfunción del CFTR a nivel renal puede resultar excepcionalmente en alcalosis metabólica y reducción del impulso ventilatorio. Hasta la fecha no está claro cuales serian sus efectos en los sistemas gastrointestinal y hepatobiliar.

Transmembrane regulator in cystic fibrosis (CFTR) can cause severe disease outside of the lungs. The chloride channel (Cl-) has been the most studied, however bicarbonate (HCO3 -) has a very important role in the behavior of secretions and secondary inflammation. The fact that CFTR works not only as a Cl- channel but also as an HCO3- channel is a field for research and development of drugs for patients with genetic or acquired damage, the latter frequent in the general population. Some CFTR modulators may have a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of pancreatitis in both situations. CFTR dysfunction at the renal level can exceptionally result in metabolic alkalosis and reduced ventilatory drive. To date it is not clear what its effects on the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary systems would be.

¿Bicarbonato de sodio en terapia intensiva es útil o no?

La acidosis metabólica se ha convertido en un problema muy serio, tanto en las áreas críticas, como de medicina interna y emergencias, sobre todo por la innumerable cantidad de patologías que la presentan; que ha encaminado a muchos profesionales a usar el bicarbonato de Na (NaHCO3-), que definitivamente tiene un efecto en el ascenso del pH y el HCO3-, asociado a un sosiego inverosímil del profesional médico y probablemente a un escaso beneficio por parte de los pacientes; este estudio trata de explicar en forma concisa a la etiología de la acidosis metabólica y la real indicación de esta droga, que hasta el momento podría tener más perjuicios que beneficios.

Metabolic acidosis has become a very serious problem, both in critical areas, such as internal medicine and emergencies, especially due to the innumerable number of pathologies that present it; which has led many professionals to use Na bicarbonate (NaHCO3-), which definitely has an effect on the rise in pH and HCO3-, associated with an unlikely calmness of the medical professional and probably with little benefit on the part of the patients. patients; This study tries to concisely explain the etiology of metabolic acidosis and the real indication of this drug, which up to now could have more harm than good.

Comparación del efecto de omeprazol como monoterapia y su combinación con bicarbonato de sodio en el tratamiento de la pirosis moderada a severa: ensayo clínico controlado, aleatorizado y doble ciego / Comparison of the effect of omeprazole monotherapy and its combination with sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of moderate to severe heartburn: a double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial

Heartburn occurs in 75% of patients with digestive discomfort of any origin and is one of the main symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modification and symptomatology management with various drugs; when heartburn is moderate to severe, a proton pump inhibitor is more suitable. Omeprazole (OMZ) combined with sodium bicarbonate (BC) has demonstrated significant and sustained suppression of acid secretion. The objective was to compare the effect of sequential OMZ/BC therapy compared to OMZ monotherapy for the improvement of heartburn in Mexican individuals. The study was a double-blind, randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical study including 277 subjects with moderate to severe heartburn. Patients received 7 days of OMZ/BC and 7 days of OMZ (OMZ/BC7) or 14 days of OMZ (OMZ14). The primary endpoint was defined as the change in the number of days a week that the patient has heartburn, it was evaluated at 14 days. Both treatments reduced time (days) with heartburn by less than 4 days (OMZ14 3.9 vs. 4.2 days OMZ/BC7), as well as duration, number of events and intensity of heartburn. The treatments improved the quality of life, and the control of the symptoms. The proportion of adverse events was lower with OMZ/BC. The non-inferiority of OMZ/BC7 with respect to OMZ14 was verified.

La pirosis se presenta en el 75% de los pacientes con molestias digestivas de cualquier origen y es uno de los principales síntomas de la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico. El tratamiento se enfoca en la modificación del estilo de vida y el manejo de la sintomatología con diversos fármacos; cuando la pirosis es moderada a severa, un inhibidor de la bomba de protones es más adecuado. El omeprazol (OMZ) combinado con bicarbonato de sodio (BC) ha demostrado supresión significativa y sostenida de la secreción ácida. El objetivo fue comparar el efecto de la terapia secuencial de OMZ/BC en comparación con el tratamiento continuo de OMZ para la mejoría de la pirosis en individuos mexicanos. Estudio clínico multicéntrico, doble ciego, controlado, aleatorizado que incluyó 277 sujetos con pirosis moderada a severa. Los pacientes recibieron 7 días de OMZ/BC y 7 días de OMZ (OMZ/BC7) o 14 días de OMZ (OMZ14). La variable primaria fue definida como el cambio del número de días a la semana que el paciente presenta pirosis, se evaluó a los 14 días. Ambos tratamientos redujeron los días con pirosis en menos 4 días (OMZ14 3,9 vs. 4,2 días OMZ/BC7), así como la duración, el número de eventos e intensidad de la pirosis. Los tratamientos mejoraron los indicadores de calidad de vida, y el control del padecimiento. La proporción de eventos adversos fue menor con OMZ/BC. Se comprobó la no-inferioridad de OMZ/BC7 respecto OMZ14.

Effects of sodium bicarbonate infusion on mortality in medical–surgical ICU patients with metabolic acidosis—A single-center propensity score matched analysis / Efectos de la infusión de bicarbonato de sodio sobre la mortalidad en pacientes de UCI médico-quirúrgica con acidosis metabólica: un análisis de puntuación de propensión en un solo Centro

Objective Metabolic acidosis is associated with high mortality. Despite theoretical benefits of sodium-bicarbonate (SB), current evidence remains controversial. We investigated SB-related effects on outcomes in ICU patients with metabolic acidosis. Design Retrospective analysis. Setting Academic medical center. Patients or participants 971 ICU patients with metabolic acidosis defined as arterial pH<7.3 and CO2<45mmHg treated between 2012 and 2016. A propensity score (PS) was estimated using logistic regression. Patients were matched in pairs using the PS. Interventions 441 patients were treated with SB 8.4% (SB-group) and n=530 patients were not (control group). Main variables of interest Primary outcome was all-cause mortality at ICU-discharge. Average Treatment Effect (ATE), Average Treatment effect in Treated (ATT), and estimated relative survival effects at 20 days were computed. Results In the full cohort, we observed considerable differences in pH, base excess, additional acidosis-related indices, and ICU mortality (controls 31% vs. SB-group 56%, p<.001) at baseline between the two groups. After PS-matching (n=174 in each group), no significant difference in ICU mortality was observed (controls 32% vs. SB-group 41%; p=.07). Odds ratios (OR) for ATE and ATT showed no association with ICU mortality (OR ATE: 1.08, 95%-CI 0.99–1.17; p=.08; OR ATT 1.09; 95%-CI 0.99–1.2; p=.09). Hazard ratios at 20-days (multivariable HR, matched sample n=348: 1.16, 95%-CI 0.86–1.56, p=.33) showed similar survival in the two study groups. Conclusions We did not observe effects of SB infusion on all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis (AU)

Objetivo La acidosis metabólica se asocia con una alta mortalidad. A pesar de los beneficios teóricos del bicarbonato de sodio (BS), la evidencia actual sigue siendo controvertida. Investigamos los efectos relacionados con el BS sobre los resultados en pacientes de la UCI con acidosis metabólica. Diseño Análisis retrospectivo. Ÿmbito Centro médico académico. Pacientes o participante Se incluyeron 971 pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) con acidosis metabólica (pH < 7,3, CO2 < 45 mmHg) tratados entre 2012 y 2016. Se calculó una puntuación de propensión (PS) mediante regresión logística. Los pacientes se emparejaron utilizando el PS. Variables de interés principales Intervenciones; 441 pacientes fueron tratados con BS 8,4% (grupo BS) y n = 530 pacientes no (grupo control). Resultados El resultado primario fue la mortalidad por todas las causas al alta de la UCI. Se calcularon el efecto promedio del tratamiento (ATE), el efecto promedio del tratamiento en los tratados (ATT) y los efectos de supervivencia relativa estimados a los 20 días. En la cohorte completa se observaron diferencias considerables en el pH, el exceso de bases y la mortalidad en la UCI (control 31% vs. grupo BS 56%, p < 0,001) al inicio del estudio entre los grupos. Después del emparejamiento de PS (n = 174 en cada grupo), no se observaron diferencias significativas en la mortalidad en la UCI (control 32% vs. grupo BS 41%; p = 0,07). Los odds ratios (OR) para ATE y ATT no mostraron asociación con la mortalidad en la UCI (OR ATE: 1,08, IC 95%; 0,99-1,17; p = 0,08; OR ATT 1,09; IC 95%; 0,99-1,2; p = 0,09). Los cocientes de riesgo a los 20 días (HR multivariable, muestra emparejada n = 348: 1,16, IC 95%; 0,86-1,56, p = 0,33) mostraron una supervivencia comparable. Conclusiones No observamos efectos de la infusión de BS sobre la mortalidad por todas las causas en pacientes con acidosis metabólica (AU)

Análise Bioquímica e Biomarcadores de Lesão e Fadiga em Atletas de Vôlei Suplementadas com Bicarbonato de Sódio / Biochemical Analysis and Injury and Fatigue Biomarkers in Volleyball Athletes Supplemented with Sodium Bicarbonate

Introdução: O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o potencial ergogênico e antifadiga da suplementação de bicarbonato em atletas de vôlei feminino durante sessão de treino de alta intensidade. Métodos: Realizou-se um ensaio clínico randomizado simples cego com 12 atletas profissionais de vôlei feminino, divididas em dois grupos experimentais: um controle e outro suplementado com 500ml de uma solução de bicarbonato de sódio 0,3-0,4mg/kg 90 minutos antes de um treinamento de alta intensidade, com duração de 60 minutos. Resultados: A análise estatística dos resultados mostra que houve diferença significativa entre o grupo suplementado e controle apenas na atividade da enzima creatina quinase (p=0,04) e na percepção subjetiva de esforço (p<0,001). Por outro lado, a atividade da enzima LDH e os níveis de glicose, lactato, proteína, albumina, triglicerídeos e TBARS não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos (p>0,05). A PSE medida pela escala de Borg adaptada não passou de cinco (de uma escala de 0 a 10) em nenhum dos grupos. Conclusão: Apesar de o bicarbonato ser um reconhecido agente de prevenção de fadiga, lesão e com efeitos ergogênicos para sessões de treinos extenuantes, sua suplementação nas condições propostas não mostrou benefícios, demonstrando que o tipo de protocolo de treino aplicado não justifica sua suplementação e que seu uso deve ser utilizado com cautela em razão de seus contraefeitos gastrintestinais.

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to analyze the ergogenic and antifatigue potential of bicarbonate supplementation in female volleyball athletes during a high intensity training session. Methods: A simple blind randomized clinical trial was conducted with 12 professional female volleyball athletes divided into two experimental groups: one control and the other supplemented with 500ml of 0.3-0.4mg / kg sodium bicarbonate solution 90 minutes before high-intensity training, lasting 60 minutes. Results: The statistical analysis of the results shows that there was a significant difference between the supplemented and the control group only in the activity of the enzyme creatine kinase (p = 0.04) and in the subjective perception of effort (p <0.001). On the other hand, the activity of the LDH enzyme and the levels of glucose, lactate, protein, albumin, triglycerides and TBARS did not present significant differences between the two groups (p> 0.05). The PSE measured by the adapted Borg scale did not exceed five (from a scale of 0 to 10) in any of the groups. Conclusion: Although bicarbonate is a recognized fatigue and injury prevention agent with ergogenic effects for strenuous training sessions, its supplementation under the proposed conditions did not show any benefits, demonstrating that the type of training protocol applied does not justify its supplementation and that its use should be used with caution because of its gastrointestinal counter-effects.

Efectos del colutorio de bicarbonato de sodio sobre el pH salival y la microflora oral

Resumen La caries dental es una enfermedad infecciosa producida por bacterias, es una de las enfermedades crónicas con mayor prevalencia en la infancia, extendida por todo el mundo. Objetivo . Determinar el efecto del colutorio de bicarbonato de sodio (1,1%) sobre el pH salival y la microflora bucal. Materiales y métodos . Se realizó un estudio de tipo cuasi-experimental, longitudinal, prospectivo, que tuvo una muestra de 30 estudiantes de pre-clínicas de la escuela de odontología de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno (Perú). de ambos sexos, divididos en tres grupos a quienes se indicó el uso de colutorios teniendo como principios activos: bicarbonato de sodio al 1,1%, clorhexidina al 0,12% y agua destilada respectivamente. Se recolectaron muestras de saliva pre y post enjuague, para evaluar el efecto sobre el pH salival y muestras de dorso de la lengua para evaluar la carga bacteriana oral. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó la prueba T de Student para muestras relacionadas, con el un nivel de significancia del 95%, en el programa SPSS Ver.17. Resultados . Se detecto que el efecto del buffer del bicarbonato de sodio después de su aplicación como colutorio, pasando de un pH de 6,47 a 7,97 mostrando diferencias significativas antes y después de su aplicación (p<0,05). Así también el crecimiento bacteriano después de la aplicación del bicarbonato de sodio, disminuyo en un 47,32% (p<0,05) evidenciando una efectividad antibacteriana. Conclusiones . Se encontró que el colutorio de bicarbonato de sodio tiene un efecto de manera significativa sobre estabilización del pH salival y una acción antimicrobiana sobre la microflora bucal, inhibiendo potencialmente a microorganismos cariogénicos.

Abstract Dental caries is an infectious disease produced by bacteria, it is one of the chronic diseases with the highest prevalence in childhood, spread throughout the world. Objective . To determine the effect of sodium bicarbonate mouthwash (1.1%) on salivary pH and oral microflora. Materials and methods . A prospective, longitudinal, quasi-experimental type study was carried out, which had a sample of 30 pre-clinic students from the dental school of the National University of the Altiplano de Puno (Peru), of both sexes. Divided into three groups to whom the use of mouthwashes was indicated having as active ingredients: 1.1% sodium bicarbonate, 0.12% chlorhexidine and distilled water respectively. Saliva samples were collected before and after rinsing, to evaluate the effect on salivary pH, and samples from the back of the tongue to evaluate the oral bacterial load. For data analysis, the student's t test was used for related samples, with a significance level of 95%, in the SPSS Ver.17 program. Results . It was detected that the effect of the sodium bicarbonate buffer after its application as mouthwash, going from a pH of 6.47 to 7.97 showing significant differences before and after its application (p <0.05). Likewise, bacterial growth after the application of sodium bicarbonate decreased by 47.32% (p <0.05), evidencing antibacterial effectiveness. Conclusions . It was found that sodium bicarbonate mouthwash has a significant effect on salivary pH stabilization and an antimicrobial action on oral microflora, potentially inhibiting cariogenic microorganisms.

Resumo A cárie dentária é uma doença infecciosa produzida por bactérias, é uma das doenças crônicas com maior prevalência na infância, disseminada em todo o mundo. Objetivo . Determinar o efeito do enxaguatório bucal com bicarbonato de sódio (1,1%) no pH salivar e na microflora oral. Materiais e métodos . Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo, longitudinal, quase experimental, que contou com uma amostra de 30 alunos pré-clínicos da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Nacional do Altiplano de Puno (Peru), de ambos os sexos. em três grupos para os quais foi indicado o uso de enxaguatórios bucais tendo como princípios ativos: 1,1% de bicarbonato de sódio, 0,12% de clorexidina e água destilada respectivamente. Amostras de saliva foram coletadas antes e após o enxágue, para avaliar o efeito no pH salivar, e amostras do dorso da língua, para avaliar a carga bacteriana oral. Para a análise dos dados, foi utilizado o teste t de Student para amostras relacionadas, com nível de significância de 95%, no programa SPSS Ver.17. Resultados . Foi detectado que o efeito do tampão bicarbonato de sódio após sua aplicação como enxaguatório bucal, passando de um pH de 6,47 a 7,97 apresentando diferenças significativas antes e após sua aplicação (p <0,05). Da mesma forma, o crescimento bacteriano após a aplicação de bicarbonato de sódio diminuiu 47,32% (p <0,05), evidenciando eficácia antibacteriana. Conclusões. Verificou-se que o enxaguatório bucal com bicarbonato de sódio tem efeito significativo na estabilização do pH salivar e ação antimicrobiana na microflora oral, potencialmente inibindo microrganismos cariogênicos.

Effects of sodium bicarbonate infusion on mortality in medical-surgical ICU patients with metabolic acidosis-A single-center propensity score matched analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Metabolic acidosis is associated with high mortality. Despite theoretical benefits of sodium-bicarbonate (SB), current evidence remains controversial. We investigated SB-related effects on outcomes in ICU patients with metabolic acidosis. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Academic medical center. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: 971 ICU patients with metabolic acidosis defined as arterial pH<7.3 and CO2<45mmHg treated between 2012 and 2016. A propensity score (PS) was estimated using logistic regression. Patients were matched in pairs using the PS. INTERVENTIONS: 441 patients were treated with SB 8.4% (SB-group) and n=530 patients were not (control group). MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Primary outcome was all-cause mortality at ICU-discharge. Average Treatment Effect (ATE), Average Treatment effect in Treated (ATT), and estimated relative survival effects at 20 days were computed. RESULTS: In the full cohort, we observed considerable differences in pH, base excess, additional acidosis-related indices, and ICU mortality (controls 31% vs. SB-group 56%, p<.001) at baseline between the two groups. After PS-matching (n=174 in each group), no significant difference in ICU mortality was observed (controls 32% vs. SB-group 41%; p=.07). Odds ratios (OR) for ATE and ATT showed no association with ICU mortality (OR ATE: 1.08, 95%-CI 0.99-1.17; p=.08; OR ATT 1.09; 95%-CI 0.99-1.2; p=.09). Hazard ratios at 20-days (multivariable HR, matched sample n=348: 1.16, 95%-CI 0.86-1.56, p=.33) showed similar survival in the two study groups. CONCLUSIONS: We did not observe effects of SB infusion on all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis.

Use of bufferized dental anesthetics in dental surgery / Uso de anestésicos dentários bufferizados em cirurgia dentária / Uso de anestésicos dentales buferizados en cirugía oral

Abstract Introduction and objective: The addition of epinephrine to the anesthetic solution reduces the pH of the solution to a range between 2.9 and 4.4. The acidity of the anesthetic may delay onset and contribute to injection pain. Objective: to determine the intensity of pain during a mandibular third molar surgery after using buffered 4% articaine with epinephrine 1:100000 in the inferior alveolar nerve block with buccal infiltration. Materials and methods: an observational and descriptive clinical study was performed. The buffered solution was alkalinized with 8.4% sodium bicarbonate with a ratio of 9:1, using a hand-mixing methodology, the sample were patients who required a mandibular third molar surgery. After standardizing the anesthetic technique, it was used the inferior alveolar nerve block followed by buccal infiltration. Results: 32 patients (20 female - 62.5% and 12 male - 37.5%), with an average age of 21.12 years (mean ± standard deviation : 21.12 ± 3.61) were admitted to the study. When assessing the pain puncture and during the injection, 94% of patients classified it as mild pain according to VAS. When evaluating the latency period, the average time was less than two minutes and the perioral soft tissue anesthesia was 62%. Only a small percentage of patients required complementary anes thesia. Conclusion: buffered 4% of articaine with epinephrine in the in ferior alveolar nerve block with buccal infiltration significantly decreased onset time, injection pain and need for complementary anesthesia in third molar surgery.

Resumo Introdução e objetivo: A adição de adrenalina à solução anestésica reduz o pH da solução para uma faixa entre 2,9 e 4,4. A acidez do anestésico pode atrasar o início e contribuir para a dor da injeção. Determinar a inten sidade da dor durante uma cirurgia dos terceiros molares inferiores após o uso de articaína tamponada a 4% com adrenalina 1: 100000 no bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior com infiltração bucal. Materiais e métodos: foi realizado um estudo clínico observacional e descritivo. A solução tamponada foi al calinizada com bicarbonato de sódio a 8,4% com uma proporção de 9: 1, utilizando uma metodologia de mistura manual; a amostra era de pacientes que necessitaram de uma cirurgia de terceiros molares inferiores. Após padronização da técnica anes tésica foi utilizada bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior seguido de infiltração bucal. Resultados: 32 pacientes (20 mulheres - 62,5% e 12 homens - 37,5%), com idade média de 21,12 anos (média ± desvio padrão : 21,12 ± 3,61) foram admitidos no estudo. Ao avaliar a punção dolorosa e durante a injeção, 94% dos pacientes a classificaram como dor leve de acordo com a EVA. Ao avaliar o período de latência, o tempo médio foi inferior a dois minutos e a anestesia perioral dos tecidos moles foi de 62%. Apenas uma pequena porcentagem de pacientes necessitou de anestesia complementar. Conclusão: tamponar 4% de articaína com epinefrina no bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior com infiltração bucal diminuiu significativamente o tempo de início, a dor da injeção e a necessidade de anestesia complementar em cirurgia de terceiros molares.

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: la adición de epinefrina a la solución anestésica reduce el pH en un rango entre 2.9 y 4.4. La acidez del anestésico puede retrasar el inicio del efecto anestésico y contribuir al dolor durante la inyección de la solución. deter minar la intensidad del dolor durante la cirugía de terceros molares mandibulares después de usar articaína al 4% con epinefrina 1:100000 buferizada, en el bloqueo del nervio alveolar inferior con infiltración bucal. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio clínico observacional y descriptivo. La solución buferizada se alcalinizó con bicarbonato de sodio al 8,4% en una relación de 9:1, utilizando una técnica de mezcla manual, la muestra se obtuvo de pacientes que requerían cirugía del tercer molar mandibular. Después de estandarizar la técnica anestésica fue utilizado un bloqueo del nervio alveolar inferior seguido de una infiltración bucal. Resultados: 32 pacientes (20 mujeres - 62,5% y 12 hombres - 37,5%), con una edad promedio de 21.12 años (media ± desviación estándar : 21.12 ± 3.61) ingresaron al es tudio. Al evaluar el dolor durante la punción y durante la inyección de la solución anestésica, el 94% de los pacientes lo clasificaron como dolor leve según la EVA. Al evaluar el período de latencia, el tiempo promedio fue inferior a dos minutos y la anestesia perioral de tejidos blandos fue del 62%. Solo un pequeño porcentaje de pacientes requirió anestesia complementaria. Conclusión: El uso de 4% de articaína con epinefrina buferizada, en el bloqueo del nervio alveolar inferior con infiltración bucal disminuyó significativamente el tiempo de inicio, el dolor durante la inyección y la necesidad de anestesia complementaria en la cirugía de terceros molares.

Lidocaína 2 % con adrenalina 1: 80000 alcalinizada con bicarbonato de sodio 8, 4 % en la anestesia dental / Lidocaine 2% with adrenaline 1: 80,000 alkalinized with sodium bicarbonate 8. 4 % in dental anesthesia

Introducción: La alcalinización de la lidocaína ha resultado ser exitosa en el bloqueo del nervio dentario inferior, sin embargo, existen resultados contradictorios respecto a su eficacia clínica. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de la lidocaína 2 por ciento con adrenalina 1:80000 alcalinizada con bicarbonato de sodio al 8,4 % sobre el bloqueo del nervio dentario inferior. Material y métodos: Estudio experimental, prospectivo y longitudinal conformado por 50 pacientes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Las siguientes soluciones fueron administradas para el bloqueo del nervio dentario inferior: lidocaína 2 por ciento con adrenalina 1:80000 alcalinizada con bicarbonato de sodio al 8,4 por ciento y lidocaína 2 por ciento con adrenalina 1:80000 no alcalinizada. Se evaluó la intensidad del dolor por la inyección, parámetros hemodinámicos y periodos anestésicos (tiempo de inicio de acción y duración del efecto anestésico). Resultados: Se evidenció una menor intensidad del dolor por la inyección en el grupo de lidocaína alcalinizada (19,16 ± 2,7) en comparación al grupo de lidocaína no alcalinizada (22,88 ± 4,2); p=0,02. Así mismo, el tiempo de inicio de acción fue menor en el grupo de lidocaína alcalinizada (105,72 ± 9,7s) en comparación con el grupo de lidocaína no alcalinizada (157,52 ± 12,1); p=0,002. Sin embargo, no se evidenciaron diferencias significativas en los parámetros hemodinámicos (p>0,05) y la duración del efecto anestésico (p=0,114). Conclusiones: La lidocaína 2 por ciento con adrenalina 1:80000 alcalinizada con bicarbonato de sodio al 8,4 por ciento sobre el bloqueo del nervio dentario inferior produce una disminución de la intensidad del dolor por la inyección y del tiempo de inicio de acción, en comparación con la formulación no alcalinizada. Sin embargo, no se evidencian diferencias en relación con los parámetros hemodinámicos ni a la duración del efecto anestésico(AU)

Introduction: The alkalinization of lidocaine has been successful in blocking the inferior dental nerve; however, there are contradictory results regarding its clinical efficacy. Objective: To determine the effect of 2 percent lidocaine with 1: 80,000 adrenaline alkalinized with 8.4 percent sodium bicarbonate on inferior dental nerve block. Material and methods: Experimental, prospective and longitudinal study that comprised 50 patients from the Dental School of the National University of San Marcos. The following solutions were administered for inferior dental nerve block: 2 percent lidocaine with epinephrine 1: 80,000 alkalinized with 8.4 percent sodium bicarbonate and 2 percent lidocaine with 1: 80,000 adrenaline not alkalinized. Pain intensity was evaluated by injection, hemodynamic parameters and anesthetic periods (time of onset of action and duration of the anesthetic effect). Results: There was a lower pain intensity due to injection in the alkalized lidocaine group (19.16 ± 2.7) compared to the non-alkalinized lidocaine group (22.88 ± 4.2); p=0.02. Likewise, the onset time of action was lower in the alkalized lidocaine group (105.72 ± 9.7) compared to the non-alkalinized lidocaine group (157.52 ± 12.1); p=0.002. However, no significant differences were found in the hemodynamic parameters (p>0.05) and the duration of the anesthetic effect (p=0.114). Conclusions: Lidocaine 2 percent with adrenaline 1: 80,000 alkalized with sodium bicarbonate at 8.4 percent on the block of the inferior dental nerve produces a decrease in pain intensity due to injection and the time of onset of action, compared to the non-alkalinized formulation. However, there are no differences in relation to the hemodynamic parameters or the duration of the anesthetic effect(AU)

Successful correction of metabolic acidosis is difficult to achieve in chronic kidney disease. / Acidosis metabólica en la enfermedad renal crónica: dificultades para una corrección adecuada.

INTRODUCTION: Metabolic acidosis (MA) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with numerous adverse effects, which is why its correction is highly recommended. Oral sodium bicarbonate is the current treatment of choice. OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of MA in advanced CKD patients and to determine the clinical and biochemical characteristics associated with its successful correction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective, observational cohort study in adult patients with CKD stage 4-5. The inclusion criteria were: not being treated with alkali therapy at the time of inclusion, and to have at least three consecutive glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measurements and biochemical parameters during a minimum follow-up period of 3 months. Incident patients with serum bicarbonate<22 mEq/l were included in the follow-up study and treated with oral sodium bicarbonate. Correction was considered successful when more than half of the samples and the mean bicarbonate levels during individual follow-up were≥22 mEq/l. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 969 patients (age 65±14 years, 507 males) with a mean GFR of 14.8±4.5ml/min/1.73 m2. At baseline, 530 patients (55%) had serum bicarbonate<22mEq/l. They were treated with sodium bicarbonate and followed for 15 months. Satisfactory correction of MA was only achieved in 133 patients (25%). By multivariate logistic regression analysis, the main characteristics of patients with adequate control of MA were: age (OR=1.03; 95% CI 1.01 - 1.05), baseline GFR (OR=1.07; 1.02 - 1.12), and treatment with proton-pump inhibitors (OR=1.61; 95% CI 1.06 - 2.44). Patients who achieved successful correction of MA showed slower CKD progression (-1.67±3.71 vs -4.36±4.56ml/min/1.73 m2/year, P<.0001), and lower average serum potassium concentration (5.1±0.5 vs 5.3±0.5, P<.0001) than those who did not. However, there were no differences in the hospitalisation or mortality rate. CONCLUSION: MA is a common complication of advanced CKD but difficult to manage with current therapies. Due to the significant potential benefit of controlling MA, new, more effective therapies should be further researched.

Sodium bicarbonate supplementation improves performance in isometric fatigue protocol / A suplementação de bicarbonato de sódio melhora o desempenho em protocolo de fadiga isométrico / La suplementación de bicarbonato de sodio mejora el desempeño en protocolo de fatiga isométrico

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation has been shown to decrease fatigue and improve high-intensity exercise performance, the effects on maintenance of isometric contractions are not clear. Objective: To investigate the effect of NaHCO3 on the performance of individuals subjected to a fatigue protocol in an isometric exercise on the isokinetic dynamometer. Methods: Participants were 12 men in a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. Sixteen minutes after the intake of 0.3 g/kg of body mass of NaHCO3 or placebo, the participants performed an isometric fatigue protocol of right knee extension exercises during eight minutes at 70% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction. The fatigue indicator was the time point at which torque was reduced to 50% of the initial value. The length of resistance was assessed by maintaining the task over 50% of the initial torque. Lactate/blood pH concentrations and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and pain (RPP) indexes were analyzed. The RPE of the session was evaluated 30 minutes after the test. Results: Blood pH was higher in pre-protocol and in the fatigue indicator after NaHCO3 intake, as were the blood lactate concentrations in the fatigue indicator and at the end of the protocol (p<0.001). NaHCO3 supplementation increased the time to fatigue and lessened the rate of decline of isometric peak torque at the end of the protocol (p<0.001). RPE and RPP were smaller at the end of the protocol in the NaHCO3 condition, and the RPE of the session was diminished (p<0.001). Conclusion: NaHCO3 supplementation enhances steady isometric contraction performance and reduces the internal load. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostic studies - Investigation of an examination for diagnosis.

RESUMO Introdução: A suplementação de bicarbonato de sódio (NaHCO3) tem demonstrado atenuar a fadiga e melhorar o desempenho do exercício de alta intensidade, mas os efeitos sobre a manutenção de contrações isométricas são pouco claros. Objetivo: Investigar o efeito do NaHCO3 no desempenho de indivíduos submetidos ao protocolo de fadiga em exercício isométrico no dinamômetro isocinético. Métodos: Doze homens participaram do estudo randomizado, duplo-cego, cruzado e controlado por placebo. Sessenta minutos após ingestão de 0,3 g/kg de massa corporal de NaHCO3 ou placebo, os participantes realizaram protocolo isométrico de fadiga dos extensores do joelho direito, com duração de oito minutos, a 70% da contração isométrica voluntária máxima. Foi considerado indicador de fadiga o momento em que o torque aplicado diminuiu para 50% do valor inicial. A duração da resistência foi avaliada com a manutenção da tarefa acima de 50% do torque inicial. As concentrações de lactato e pH do sangue, assim como os índices de percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e dor (PSD) foram analisados. A PSE da sessão foi avaliada 30 minutos após o teste. Resultados: O pH sanguíneo foi maior pré-protocolo e no indicador de fadiga após ingestão de NaHCO3, assim como as concentrações de lactato sanguíneo no indicador da fadiga e ao final do protocolo (p < 0,001). A suplementação de NaHCO3 aumentou o tempo para atingir a fadiga e atenuou o declínio do pico de torque isométrico no final do protocolo (p < 0,001). A PSE e PSD foram menores ao final do protocolo com NaHCO3 e a PSE da sessão foi atenuada (p < 0,001). Conclusão: A suplementação de NaHCO3 melhora o desempenho de contrações isométricas sustentadas e atenua a carga interna. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

RESUMEN Introducción: La suplementación de bicarbonato de sodio (NaHCO3) ha demostrado atenuar la fatiga y mejorar el desempeño del ejercicio de alta intensidad, pero los efectos sobre el mantenimiento de contracciones isométricas son poco claros. Objetivo: Investigar el efecto de NaHCO3 en el desempeño de individuos sometidos al protocolo de fatiga en ejercicio isométrico en el dinamómetro isocinético. Métodos: Doce hombres participaron del estudio aleatorizado, doble ciego, cruzado y controlado por placebo. Sesenta minutos después de la ingestión de 0,3 g/kg de masa corporal de NaHCO3 o placebo, los participantes realizaron protocolo isométrico de fatiga de los extensores de la rodilla derecha con duración de ocho minutos a 70% de la contracción isométrica voluntaria máxima. Se consideró indicador de fatiga el momento en que el torque aplicado disminuyó para 50% del valor inicial. La duración de la resistencia fue evaluada con el mantenimiento de la tarea por encima del 50% del torque inicial. Fueron analizadas las concentraciones de lactato y pH sanguíneos, así como los índices de percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo (PSE) y dolor (PSD). La PSE de la sesión fue evaluada 30 minutos después del test. Resultados: El pH sanguíneo fue mayor pre-protocolo y en el indicador de fatiga después de la ingestión de NaHCO3, así como las concentraciones de lactato sanguíneo en el indicador de la fatiga y al final del protocolo (p<0,001). La suplementación de NaHCO3 aumentó el tiempo para alcanzar la fatiga y atenuó el declive del pico de torque isométrico al final del protocolo (p<0,001). La PSE y PSD fueron menores al final del protocolo con NaHCO3 y la PSE de la sesión fue atenuada (p<0,001). Conclusión: La suplementación de NaHCO3 mejora el rendimiento de las contracciones isométricas sostenidas y atenúa la carga interna. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios diagnósticos - Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico.

Prospective randomised multicentre study to demonstrate the benefits of haemodialysis without acetate (with citrate): ABC-treat Study. Acute effect of citrate. / Estudio prospectivo aleatorizado multicéntrico para demostrar los beneficios de la hemodiálisis sin acetato (con citrato): Estudio ABC-treat. Efecto agudo del citrato.

INTRODUCTION: Dialysis fluid (DF), an essential element in hemodialysis (HD), is manufactured in situ by mixing three components: treated water, bicarbonate concentrate and acid concentrate. To avoid the precipitation of calcium and magnesium carbonate that is produced in DF by the addition of bicarbonate, it is necessary to add an acid. There are 2 acid concentrates that contain acetate (ADF) or citrate (CDF) as a stabilizer. OBJECTIVE: To compare the acute effect of HD with CDF vs. ADF on the metabolism of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, acid base balance, coagulation, inflammation and hemodynamic stability. METHODS: Prospective, multicenter, randomized and crossed study, of 32 weeks duration, in patients in three-week HD, AK-200-Ultra-S or Artis monitor, 16 weeks with ADF SoftPac®, prepared with 3mmol/L of acetate, and 16 weeks with CDF SelectBag Citrate®, with 1mmol/L of citrate. Patients older than 18 years were included in HD for a minimum of 3 months by arteriovenous fistula. Epidemiological, dialysis, pre and postdialysis biochemistry, episodes of arterial hypotension, and coagulation scores were collected monthly during the 8 months of the study. Pre and post-dialysis analysis were extracted: venous blood gas, calcium (Ca), ionic calcium (Cai), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) among others. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03319680. RESULTS: We included 56 patients, 47 (84%) men and 9 (16%) women, mean age: 65.3 (16.4) years, technique HD/HDF: 20 (35.7%)/36 (64.3%). We found differences (p<0.05) when using the DF with citrate (C) versus acetate (A) in the postdialysis values of bicarbonate [C: 26.9 (1.9) vs. A: 28.5 (3) mmol/L], Cai [C: 1.1 (0.05) vs. A: 1.2 (0.08) mmol/L], Mg [C: 1.8 (0.1) vs A: 1, 9 (0.2) mg/dL] and PTH [C: 255 (172) vs. 148 (149) pg/mL]. We did not find any differences in any of the parameters measured before dialysis. Of the 4,416 sessions performed, 2,208 in each group, 311 sessions (14.1%) with ADF and 238 (10.8%) with CDF (p<0.01), were complicated by arterial hypotension. The decrease in maximum blood volume measured by Hemoscan® biosensor was also lower [-3.4 (7.7) vs -5.1 (8.2)] although without statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Dialysis with citrate acutely produces less postdialysis alkalemia and significantly modifies Ca, Mg and PTH. CDF has a positive impact on hemodynamic tolerance.

Acidosis láctica por metformina: reporte de caso / Metformin-related lactic acidosis: Case report

Abstract Lactic acidosis is defined as the presence of pH <7.35, blood lactate >2.0 mmol/L and PaCO2 <42 mmHg. However, the definition of severe lactic acidosis is controversial. The primary cause of severe lactic acidosis is shock. Although rare, metformin-related lactic acidosis is associated with a mortality as high as 50%. The treatment for metabolic acidosis, including lactic acidosis, may be specific or general, using sodium bicarbonate, trihydroxyaminomethane, carbicarb or continuous haemodiafiltration. The successful treatment of lactic acidosis depends on the control of the aetiological source. Intermittent or continuous renal replacement therapy is perfectly justified, shock being the argument for deciding which modality to use. We report a case of a male patient presenting with metformin poisoning as a result of attempted suicide, who developed lactic acidosis and multiple organ failure. The critical success factor was treatment with continuous haemodiafiltration.

Resumen Definimos acidosis láctica en presencia de pH<7,35, lactato en sangre >2,0 mmol/ly PaCO2 <42 mmHg. Por otro lado, la definición de acidosis láctica grave es controvertida. La causa principal de acidosis láctica grave es el estado de choque. La acidosis láctica pormetformina es rara, pero alcanza una mortalidad del 50%. La acidosis metabólica, incluyendo a la acidosis láctica, puede recibir tratamiento específico o tratamiento general con bicarbonato de sodio, trihidroxiaminometano, carbicarb o hemodiafiltracion continua. El éxito del tratamiento de la acidosis láctica yace en el control de la fuente etiológica; la terapia de reemplazo renal intermitente o continua está perfectamente justificada, y el argumento para decidir cuál utilizar es el estado de choque. Presentamos el informe de un caso de un paciente masculino con intoxicación por metformina como intento suicida, quien desarrolló acidosis láctica y falla orgánica múltiple; la base para el éxito del caso fue el tratamiento con hemodiafiltración continua.

Alcalose metabólica induzida por bicarbonato de sódio: mecanismos de ação, dose utilizada e efeitos sobre o desempenho em ciclismo de alta intensidade / Induced metabolic alkalosis by sodium bicarbonate: action mechanisms, dose and effects on highintensity cycling performance

A relação entre a alcalose metabólica e o desempenho esportivo tem sido investigada através de anipulações do pH sanguíneo. Entre as formas de manipulação do pH, o bicarbonato de sódio (NaHCO3) é o componente químico mais utilizado quando se pretende induzir um estado de alcalose sanguínea previamente ao exercício. Embora os benefícios do NaHCO3 no desempenho tenham sido amplamente demonstrados em exercícios intermitentes de alta intensidade, não há um consenso na literatura e pouco ainda é conhecido quanto aos efeitos do NaHCO3 em exercícios contínuos de ciclismo de alta intensidade. Nesse sentido, foram abordados na presente revisão os principais aspectos envolvidos na ingestão aguda e crônica de NaHCO3, enfatizando os mecanismos de ação dessa substância, especificações acerca da dose utilizada e seus efeitos sobre o desempenho em ciclismo de alta intensidade. Os resultados dos estudos apresentados na presente revisão revelam que a ingestão aguda de 0,3 g∙kg-1 de massa corporal (MC) de NaHCO3 é eficaz em melhorar o desempenho em eventos de alta intensidade se consumido em torno de 90 minutos antes do exercício. Para a ingestão crônica, uma dose de 0,5 g∙kg-1 ∙dia1 de MC durante 5-6 dias seria benéfica para o exercício de alta intensidade. Esses seriam os limites em ambos os protocolos para induzir um estado de alcalose metabólica e posteriormente melhorar o desempenho sem promover ou atenuando qualquer sintoma relacionado à sensações de desconforto gastrointestinal. Dessa forma, ambas as formas de ingestão de NaHCO3, aguda e/ou crônica, parecem melhorar o desempenho durante o ciclismo de alta intensidade realizados de modo contínuo, enfatizando a importância da suplementação de NaHCO3 como um recurso ergogênico. Porém, pesquisas adicionais utilizando protocolos de ingestão crônica e testando seus efeitos sobre o desempenho em provas mais prolongadas são requeridas devido ao reduzido número de investigações e o potencial efeito ergogênico dessa substância...(AU)

The relationship between metabolic alkalosis and exercise performance has been investigated through manipulation of the blood and muscle pH. Among the forms of pH manipulation, the sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is the most used chemical component when is intentioned to induce a blood alkalosis state prior to exercise. While the benefits of NaHCO3 in performance have been widely demonstrated in high-intensity intermittent exercise, there is no consensus in the literature and little is known about the effects of NaHCO3 in continuous high-intensity cycling exercise. Thus, it was addressed in this present review the main aspects involved in acute and chronic NaHCO3 ingestion, giving a focus to the action mechanisms of this substance, specifications about the used dose and their effects on highintensity cycling performance. The results of the present review show that acute ingestion of 0.3 g∙kg-1 of body mass (BM) of NaHCO3 is effective in improving performance in high-intensity events if this substance is consumed in about 90 minutes prior to exercise. For chronic ingestion, a dose of 0.5 g∙kg1 ∙day-1 BM during 5-6 days should be beneficial for the high-intensity exercise. For both protocols these would be the limits to induce a metabolic alkalosis state and further improve the performance without promoting or attenuating any symptoms related to the gastrointestinal discomfort sensations. Thus, both acute and/or chronic NaHCO3 ingestion seem to improve performance during high-intensity cycling performed in a continuous mode, emphasizing the importance of NaHCO3 supplementation as an ergogenic aid. However, further research using chronic ingestion of protocols and testing their effects on performance in more prolonged tests are required due to the small number of studies and the potential ergogenic effect of this substance...(AU)

Air-powder polishing on self-ligating brackets after clinical use: effects on debris levels

ABSTRACT Introduction: Debris buildup on brackets and arch surfaces is one of the main factors that can influence the intensity of friction between bracket and orthodontic wire. Objective: This study sought to evaluate the effect of air-powder polishing cleaning on debris levels of self-ligating ceramic brackets at the end of orthodontic treatment, compared to the behavior of conventional brackets. Methods: Debris levels were evaluated in metal conventional orthodontic brackets (n = 42) and ceramic self-ligating brackets (n = 42) on canines and premolars, arranged in pairs. There were brackets with and without air-powder polishing. At the end of orthodontic treatment, a hemiarch served as control and the contralateral hemiarch underwent prophylaxis with air-powder polishing. Debris buildup in bracket slots was assessed through images, and Wilcoxon test was used to analyze the results. Results: The median debris levels were statistically lower in the conventional metal brackets compared to self-ligating ones (p = 0.02), regarding brackets not submitted to air-powder polishing. Polishing significantly reduced debris buildup to zero in both systems, without differences between groups. Conclusions: Ceramic self-ligating brackets have a higher debris buildup in comparison to conventional metal brackets in vivo, but prophylaxis with sodium bicarbonate jet was effective in reducing debris levels in self-ligating and also in conventional brackets.

RESUMO Introdução: o acúmulo de detritos nas superfícies de braquetes e arcos é um dos principais fatores que podem influenciar na intensidade do atrito entre o braquete e o fio ortodôntico. Objetivo: o presente estudo procurou avaliar o efeito da limpeza com jatos de bicarbonato de sódio nos níveis de detritos em braquetes autoligáveis cerâmicos ao final do tratamento ortodôntico, em comparação com o comportamento dos braquetes convencionais. Métodos: foram avaliados os níveis de detritos em braquetes convencionais de metal (n = 42) e braquetes autoligáveis cerâmicos (n = 42) de caninos e pré-molares, dispostos em pares. No final do tratamento ortodôntico, uma hemiarcada serviu como controle e a hemiarcada contralateral foi submetida à profilaxia com jatos de bicarbonato de sódio. O acúmulo de detritos nas canaletas dos braquetes foi avaliado por meio de imagens, e o teste de Wilcoxon foi utilizado para analisar os resultados. Resultados: a mediana do nível de detritos foi estatisticamente menor nos braquetes convencionais, quando comparados aos autoligáveis (p = 0,02). O jateamento reduziu o nível de detritos a zero, em ambos os sistemas, sem diferenças entre os grupos. Conclusões: os braquetes autoligáveis cerâmicos apresentaram, in vivo, maior acúmulo de detritos do que os braquetes convencionais; porém, a profilaxia com jatos de bicarbonato de sódio foi efetiva na redução dos níveis de detritos tanto nos braquetes autoligáveis quanto nos convencionais.

Serum levels of the adipomyokine irisin in patients with chronic kidney disease. / Niveles séricos de la adipomioquina irisina en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica.

BACKGROUND: Irisin is an adipomyokine with claimed anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects. This hormone has been insufficiently studied in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). OBJECTIVE: To perform an exploratory analysis of serum irisin levels in patients undergoing different CKD treatments. METHOD: Following a cross-sectional design, we estimated serum levels of irisin in 95 patients with CKD managed conservatively (advanced CKD), with peritoneal dialysis (PD) or with haemodialysis, and compared our findings with a control group of 40 healthy individuals. We investigated the correlations between serum irisin and demographic, clinical, body composition and metabolic variables. RESULTS: Irisin levels were lower in all the CKD groups than in the control group. The univariate analysis revealed limited correlations between irisin, on the one hand, and fat (but not lean) mass, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and plasma albumin and bicarbonate, on the other. The multivariate analysis confirmed that advanced CKD patients managed conservatively (difference 111.1ng/ml), with PD (25.9ng/ml) or haemodialysis (61.4ng/ml) (all P<.0005) presented lower irisin levels than the control group. Furthermore, PD patients presented higher serum levels of irisin than those on haemodialysis (difference 39.4ng/ml, P=.002) or those managed conservatively (24.4 ng/ml, P=.036). The multivariate analysis also identified plasma bicarbonate (B=3.90 per mM/l, P=.001) and GFR (B=1.89 per ml/minute, P=.003) as independent predictors of irisin levels. Conversely, no adjusted correlation between irisin and body composition markers was found. CONCLUSIONS: Serum irisin levels are low in patients with CKD and show a consistent correlation with GFR and plasma bicarbonate levels. PD patients present higher levels of irisin than those managed conservatively or with haemodialysis. Our study confirms a general inconsistency of the association between serum irisin levels, on the one hand, and body composition and metabolic markers, on the other.